India - Photo of the Maharaja of Kashmir - 19th century photograph of a Sikh ruler of Kashmir Maharaja Ranbir Singh (1830-1885). The son of Gulab Singh, a courtier under Ranjit Singh of Lahore, Ranbir Singh. Conquered the trans-Himalayan territories of Gilgit, Astore, Hunza-Nagar were conquered and made part of Jammu and Kashmir in his time. He was learned in Swedish and English and established a Translation Bureau called "Daarul Tarjumah" under the patronage of a learned Hakim of Turkish Afghan ancestry, Agha (Hakim) Muhammad Baqir who also happened to be the Chief Physician to the Maharaja.